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Old School News





As within the Murders of the Caesars of Rome, many overlooked the Guard who in many cases carried out the crimes for the Senator and or the Wealth Classes as you may see here.

The Kennedy Assassination what makes sense!
Old School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BROADCAST
The List of Adrian Messager
The Strange Deaths upon the death of Kennedy
Why?
Look at this picture
Old School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BROADCAST

Who was where inside the car
Two Secret Service agents John Ready and Paul Landis, riding on the right running board of the Secret Service car, we can see that both men are looking to their immediate left. At approximately frame 169, agent Ready quickly turns his head to the right front, and appears to be scanning the area. Agent Landis follows with the same reaction. Both men disappear from the film as the splice at frame 207 occurs. It is a known fact that both Ready and Landis are looking sharply to the rear by the time James Altgens takes his famous AP photograph which corresponds with Zapruder frame 255.
People Look from the Outside but could the shots been fired from within as was stated by William L. Cooper
There is very important information within that makes sense!
Click here for a special viewing
Shots From Everywhere
But were the shots from the inside and maybe that was why Connelly had a bullet wound which entered into his throat and maybe that same bullet or the next one fired came from one of the men who were in the front seat!
Here is the Testimony from a Witness who felt that shots came from within the CAR!


Here is the Cooper Film Please look at this one and understand this could be the reason why Jackie was jumping out of the vehicle from the back because the shooter was the driver it makes a lot of sense. In addition here and other facts added to this site!

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More on the Kennedy Assassination




THE DEATHS IN THE KENNEDY FAMILY PLEASE LOOK AT THOSE WHO DIED IN PLANE CRASHES.

This was when I began to look into the death of those Kennedy's who had died in Plane Crashes and I saw something that got be to investigate Operation Pluto because the first Kennedy who was alleged killed in a plane crash was Joseph Kennedy John's older brother. He was on a special mission in 1944 on August 12th, and according to the official report he was in a plane which had a special missile which alleged was shot down there were no remains, but the mission was very near to where Standard oils Operation Pluto was occurring. Operation Pluto was a under ocean operation setup to connect oil refineries under the ocean all over the world. People in Scotland began to complain when they were forced not to go near an island whereby they claimed that they saw sheep floating dead in the ocean, but in the facts surrounding Joesph Kennedy he was missing and presumed dead on the same day that this gasoline flowed all over under the ocean. Then on Sept 2nd 1944 George Bush Sr. was sent on a mission with a courier bag he ended up shot down in waters near Chi Chi Jima were from all accounts the Cannibal Japanese were involved in killing and eating pilots.

Could Joesph Kennedy maybe ended up on this island Chi Chi Jima and George HW Bush Sr. came to give them money to get him back home?

Please read this!

Old School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BRO

General Tachibana


Chester Hearn writes popular history on both the American Civil War
and World War II."–Marine Corps Gazette

"Throughout the Pacific war, the Japanese frequently killed captured
American flyers, and cannibalism was also not uncommon. But the Chichi
Jima atrocities and their subsequent investigation were properly
unique and have not previously been so fully described in published
works."–Military History

" Sorties Into Hell uncovers the tragic and heartbreaking story of how
a dozen captured American pilots were tortured ,mutilated, murdered
and, in some cases, eaten by officers in Japanese Imperial Army on the
island of Chichi Jima in Bonin Islands during the Pacific War....Hearn
provides a remarkable read with important information."–Marine Corps
Gazette

Review
"The book is a shocker and a stomach-turner, but one that should
certainly find a place in American's public libraries. It merits as
well wide circulation among individual readers, both specialists in
World War II and ordinary Americans who want to understand just what
their country was fighting against in the Pacific." - Dennis Showalter
The Colorado College

See all Editorial Reviews

By Bill Monks (Fairview, NJ USA) - See all my reviews

Chichi Jima: The Death Trap.
Iwo Jima was hell, Chichi Jima impossible, the most fortified spot on
earth. What the Marines discovered when they occupied the island in
1945 was so revolting that even battle hardened Marines were
horrified. Our Government thought it best not to reveal the details of
how American prisoners died on Chichi Jima and kept this information
hidden for over half a century.

Only now are we allowed to know that any pilots taken prisoner on
Chichi Jima were faced with beheading and their bodies actually eaten
by the General Staff. What has been hidden from the American people,
and the families of our martyrs has finally been brought into the
light. Chester Hearn's careful research places us on Chichi Jima in
1945 as our Marine Intelligence gathers the evidence and the complete
background of what transpired. His laborious research has gathered
every iota of information that reveals the truth for the first time.
He questioned the surviving Marines who discovered the murders and
those who participated in the search for the guilty.

We are allowed to be present during the interrogation of the general
staff as the Japanese attempt to conceal their barbarism. We accompany
Marine Intelligence as they dual with the Japanese fabrication
concealing their barbarism. The book is packed full of drama and
suspense. The book culminates in the details of the trail on Guam and
justice being served.

At last our comrades crying out from the grave for justice have been
heard. This is a book that had to be written, a book that every
American should read. A damn good read.

Bill Monks, Marine who witnessed the above.

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jwc_lt_5_nov_1945.jpg
130K View Download

One morning a Japanese Coast Guard cutter
showed up in the bay. It was bearing Fred Savory, and his three
uncles, all descendants of Nathaniel Savory, a Massachusetts whaler
who had settled in the Bonins in l830, they were being returned to
Chichi. Fred Savory had a strange tale to tell, he had heard rumors
in Japan, spread by soldiers repatriated from Chichi. "These stories
are not nice ones," he told the Col. He accused the Japs of
cannibalizing five American airmen. Three were beheaded, one was
bayoneted, and another beaten to death. Prior to the medical officer
removing their livers, these five men were murdered with out any
semblance of a trial. These livers were later served as a meal at a
"sake" party. This story was corroborated by the Korean slave
laborers, being used by the Japanese on the Island. All told 21 Japs
were eventually tried for those five murders, and other beheading of
U.S. Navy airmen on the Island. The instigator of the sordid
goings(c)on at Chichi Jima was a Major Matoba. He had served in China
where, he said, it had been determined that the eating of prisoners
was a stimulant to morale and human liver was a cure for stomach
ulcers. He had also ordered the first victim's body dug up it had been
in the ground only one day and the liver removed for eating. Another
pilot, beheaded on 26 May l945, had his liver and a 6(c)pound chunk
from his thigh removed andÔ delivered to the galley of Matoba, who
gave a party at which the "delicacy" (as he designated it) was
served. We found the remains of the deceased and through their
dental records identified the bodies. I remember the Corpsmen sorting
out their remains on large tables, by the side of the mess hall. We
sent their remains home in small green boxes. We then arrested and
held the culprits prisoners, until we returned to Guam for their
trial. One of the anomalies of the trial was this: there is nothing
in International Law providing punishment for cannibalism and the
cannibals could only be charged with "preventing honorable burial,"
with murder , and with failure to control persons under their
command. Of the 21 men held responsible, one Japanese lieutenant
was acquitted, who had been a cannibal inadvertently, with no
knowledge of what was taking place. General Tachibana, Navy, Captain
Yoshii, Colonel Ito, Major Matoba (Tiger of Chichi) and Captain
Nakajima were sentenced to death by hanging. The remainder of the
guilty were given various sentences ranging from life imprisonment to
lesser penalties.

I had the pleasure of being a member of a patrol
that went deep into the Jap camp to arrest Matoba. During his trial
on Guam, the Guam paper referred to him as "The Tiger of Chichi".
It's afternoon there are six of us lying in our sacks in the tent,
when the Lieut. enters. "How about six volunteers"? (normally that
is a no,no, but we are bored stiff.) Most of the time on the
Island we are bored stiff. The only thing to do to break up the
monotony, outside of ball playing and swimming is whale watching. We
discover them frolicking outside the bay while on a garbage detail.
To past the time we take Jap landing crafts off shore, and just sit
out there and watch their antics, gad they were big. One of our
bazooka men says he is tempted to get his weapon and try for some
fresh blubber. He thinks it would be an easy shot. He really wants
to nail a whale. I have no doubt he could do it. He manages to
restrain himself This patrol, is a straw to grasp at, we are
desperate. We conceal our weapons by putting them in two seabags
along with our ammo and helmets. We are going to bring in Matoba.


The Japs are not aware that we know that Matoba is responsible for
initiating the cannibalism. The Lieut., Sam, Clausen, Clif, John
Lucas, Sam Hughes and myself, make up the patrol.Ô Because we are
always under Jap observation it is to be a clandestine operation. We
place our seabags in the bottom of our landing craft, which had a
load of garbage on board. We cross the bay to the Jap encampment
disguised as a unarmed working party. Our dress to be only our helmit
liners, dungaree pants and boondockers. Once we were out in
the bay, we duck low and put our weapons together. We want to get in
and out fast. Our orders were to rush his house, drag him back to
the boat as quickly as possible, before any action could be taken to
defend him, or before he could commit HariªKari, (they were unarmed,
we hoped). That just what we do, but there was one hell of hill we
have to run up. The Japs stand on the side of the road wondering what
we are up to. We hit the house and the Lieut. enters it. I remember
absolutely nothing of what happened at that house, or of our return to
camp.

Recently I read in the "History of Marine Corps Aviation in
World War II" by Robert Sherrod a quote from our Col. Rixey ," A
special squad fetched Matoba still in his pink bathrobe, from beside
his phonograph. I can faintly remember a Browning Automatic Rifle in
my hands as I came down the hill. I know we were not fired upon.


On occasion I would pull the guard duty on our war criminals. You
would sit with them in a small shack for a four hour tour. I regretted
not knowing Japanese, it would have been a wonderful opportunity to
get their insight on the war, instead it was a very dull guard.
Chichi Jima, is located about 150 miles north of Iwo. We were awe
struck by its defenses. Nothing previously seen in the Pacific could
compare with the coast and artillery defenses surrounding the main
Chichi harbor, Futami Bay ,the only potential landing area for an
invasion. Concrete emplacements, high in the mountains with steel
door openings. The emplacements dug into the sides of the mountains
were so plentiful that it gave the Island the appearance of a block
of swiss cheese. They must have worked on the fortifications for at
least 30 years. It was no doubt the Gibraltar of the Pacific.
The area were we landed once served as the Japanese sea plane base on
Chichi Jima. Bonb craters in the ramps, used to haul the planes out of
the water, testified to the accuracy of our carrier based planes,
prior to the surrender. The surface damage on the island was quite
extensive, but it was obvious that we hadn't scratched their
defenses, which were expertly concealed underground and in the sides
of the mountains. Once we got on the Island we found stairs hidden
in the base of the mountains, leading to the emplacements. The guns
in these emplacements were humongous, how they placed them there must
have been one tough job. The location of many of the emplacements
indicated that the Jap plan was to permit an entrance into the harbor
or onto the airfield, then to give us the "works". We found tunnels
that led to huge ammo and fuel dumps in side of mountains. These
tunnels were large enough to drive a large truck in about 100 yards.
Large generators the size of trailers were concealed under the
ground, surrounded by thick concrete. We all agreed that the
whole Corps would have bought it on Chichi. Iwo was hell, Chichi
impossible. Sailing into that bay, we should have been kneeling on
the deck thanking God that we passed this one up. I do not
exaggerate. There was one huge cave,(100 yards deep, 10 yards
wide) lined with copper sheathing. This cave was meant to store the
Japanese archives, when and if the main Japanese Islands were
occupied. I heard very recently from a native of the Island that,
that particular cave was used to store atomic bombs during the
Korean action. Japan would not allow the bombs on the mainland.


We attempted to salvage the copper. While we were useing small
jackhammers to remove the rivets, holding the copper plating together,
several of us collapsed and fell off the scaffolding. We didn't know
what the hell was going on, till it dawned on us, the generator
driving our jackhammers, at the mouth of the cave, were pumping
carbon monoxide in. We carried the guys out and shut down the
operation. To give you an example of what boredom will drive you
to, I'll tell you about an incident that happened during a 5 man
patrol of Haha Jima, a near by island. We were taken to Haha by a
Destroyer Escort that waited off shore while we went on
reconnaissance. We were put a shore just to check out what the Jap
garrison had left on the Island. We had removed those who had been
stationed there, to Chichi. It was a beautiful island and being
the only ones on it, it gave us a feeling of ownership. As we were
passing through a valley on the far side of the Island we noticed a
huge cave in the side of the mountain bordering the valley. It was
subway tunnel size, big, those boys liked to dig. Inside we found a
several thousand drums of kerosene. We had no orders to destroy
anything of this magnitude. We didn't hesitate for a second, "Let's
blow it." We punched holes in one of the drums and rolled it out to
the mouth. We lit the fuel, no good, the ground was to damp. We
found a shack nearby, dismantled it, and used the wood to construct a
wick, that we strung deep into cave. We soaked it down with another
open drum , lit it and took off. We waited and waited and nothing,
ten minutes. It was time to separate the optimist from the
pessimist. We were all nuts, we went back in hoping it wasn't going
to blow in our face. Same operation, we lit it, and away we went.
WHOOSH!! The daddy of all Zippos, came shooting out of the mouth of
the cave, with a hugh thunderous roar it crossed the valley, and hit
the opposite side. We were jumping, and yelling, and laughing. No
Corps, no parents, we were kids again. We kept moving and
after a couple of hours we were climbing back aboard ship.

As we hit
the deck, Capt. Moriority asked "What the hell did you guys do over
there." as he pointed back to the Island. The whole of Haha Jima had
a thick black cloud hovering over it. Sam quickly rose to the
occasion. "We burned a Jap landing craft loaded with tires." " Boy
look at that smoke" The Capt. kept looking at the cloud, as we beat
it below deck. We were on Chichi about two months when we
received orders to detach half our number for China duty. It seemed
that the Chinese communist were attacking the trains around the
Tientsin area in north eastern China and some Marines were needed.
One billion Chinese and they needed 250 homesick Marines. They asked
for volunteers. None of us had liberty for almost two years or more,
here was the opportunity at last. It would be the closest we had ever
came to civilization (read that women), for a hell of a long time.
The only hitch was that we might stay overseas a little longer. That
night the outfit stayed up to the wee hours, each man pondering if
he had one more great adventure in him. I still had wanderlust, and
boredom was always a thorn in our side. I knew this would be my only
opportunity to see China. In those days China was a long way from the
States.

My father had previously sent home a beautiful rug while
he was doing his China tour in l930,(38 yrs, Navy). My mother placed
the rug in the living room and immediately declared the room off
limits. From then on the only way you could get into my house was
the back door. What a joke it would be to send the family home a new
oriental rug, which I knew would put the dining room off limits.
It was extremely painful, friends trying to convince each other to
stay or to go. The debate centered on two choices 1(c) (big city, and
women, go home a little later.) 2(c) ( Never volunteer and odds were
early return to the States, when you finished the tour on Chichi.) I
gave it a lot of thought, and then I cast my vote to stay on
Chichi..

The guys in the tent argued with Sam all night, trying
to convince him to stay. Sam was a little elf, who could make you
laugh and always had a story to tell. He was about 33 years old and
very homely. He was honest with us, he told us that his social life
back home in D.C. was nil and it wasn't going to get any better. He
had never had any luck with the ladies. This was the opportunity of
his life time: woman, wine, and song. I remember how Sam would
gamble his salary away on pay day, and then wake me up in the middle
of the night so I could give him mine to lose. There was nothing to
do with the money anyway. He looked like a little old man lost in a
Marine uniform. There was nothing to him. What he lacked in size, he
made up with a fantastic personality. Everybody felt like they had to
look after him. His real name was Bill. He had made such a production
of going over the obstacle course down in New River, N. C., we
labelled him " Sam, Sam, the Obstacle Man." Sam left. We missed
him, I still do.

One day we woke up to find a large supply ship
from the States in the bay. Word went out that it was loaded with
refrigerated stores. We hadn't had fresh food since we came to the
Pacific.. Our diet had been made up of powdered eggs, dehydrated
potatoes, Spam. cheese and tins of Australian mutton, plus all the C
& K rations you could stomach, (assortment of canned food). The
drink was usually coffee, powdered milk, or battery acid. One
morning, on Guam we went into shock at breakfast, when they served
each man 1/2 of a fried egg. We had traded a Samurai sword to a
Seabee cook for the eggs. The Seabee camps always had refrigeration.
All day long we were hustling from ship to shore, unloading tons
of fresh food. Plus a mountain of beer, Coke and Chocolate Cow. The
fresh food was made up of cases of steaks, turkeys, grapefruit and
oranges. I can't remember the rest of the ships manifest, but
outside of the beverages, it was all fresh. We had cases and cases
of turkey and steaks piled on the beach. Mountains of oranges &
grape fruit. I don't know what the opposite of scurvy is, but it
looked like we were about to die from it. The ship left the next day,
leaving us with one hellÔ of a problem. They had left us enough
fresh food to last a Reg. (5,000 men) 2 or 3 months. We had
approximately 200 men. I don't remember if this episode happened
before of after the Tientsin detachment had left, it wouldn't have
made a difference. The problem being we didn't have an ice cube on
Chichi. One big SNAFU, (Situation Normal All Fouled Up). We tried
storing the food in caves, but it didn't look too good. There was
only one thing we could do, and that was to set a new high for
gluttony. Never had so few eaten so much. Just use your imagination
what the next two weeks were like on that Island. We gorged
ourselves day and night. We would build fires on the beach at night
and have beer and steak parties. We were having turkey for breakfast,
lunch and supper. We were having steak for breakfast lunch and
supper. We were having steak for breakfast, turkey for lunch and
steak for supper. We were having turkey for breakfast, steak for
lunch, and turkey for supper. Finally thank God, we noticed
the steak and turkey were turning blue, and the oranges and
grapefruit were putting on fur coats. We just couldn't eat anymore.
We hadn't made a dent in that mountain. All the meat and fruit in the
caves, were now rotten. Ever smell rotten turkey? "WHEW". We ended
the eating orgy by taking the remaining, nine tenths of the shipment
out into the bay and dumping it. It wasn't that easy. the next day
it was all over the beaches. We finally ended up burying it. The
whole episode lasted about two weeks, then it was back to basics,
powdered eggs, dehydrated potatoes etc. The beer, coke and
Chocolate Cow we put to good use: there was only a small supply of
fresh water on the Island. We had brought a small distillation plant
with us to provide us with a limited amount of fresh water.


At home they call that tale,"Dad's Thanksgiving Day
story". If I'm lucky, and there is a guest at the table, the family
once more is forced to hear why Dad doesn't like turkey.

The episode of cannibalism did not help slacken the hate we already had
mustered toward the guys who now own Rockefeller Center. The lobotomy
was still in place, we could not understand why we should stop hating
them. You can't just hold up a sign.. If it was that simple there
would be no bigotry. This war crime was not am isolated case, many
even more horrible crimes committed against Jap prisoners are still
coming to light. The N.Y. Times 1994. published a list of crimes
admitted to by the Japanese, which actually topped the Nazi
atrocities in its viciousness. All sorts of barbaric vivisection
operations were performed on their prisoners, for the purpose of
scientific research. Our government in exchange for this research
knowledge did not prosecute the doctors who executed these acts.
These unpunished war criminals are still practicing medicine in
Japan.

When we first arrived on Chichi, the Marine enlisted
men would be assigned small working party's of Japs. We would take
them into the hills to destroy gun installations, ammo and fuel
dumps. We would also use them to do all the menial task about the
camp. Some of us were too tough on them, but not any harder then the
D.I.'s were on us. Hatred for the foe was deeply embedded in us.
Some of us, rather enjoyed breaking their humps. I think it gave a
lot of guys a good night sleep when they got home. Not nice but true.
There was never a hint of any sort of atrocity committed. This
only lasted a short time, the Jap General complained to our
Commanding Officer, Col. Rixey. We were no longer permitted Nip
working parties, this really boiled us. What's the fun of winning a
war.

Read the de-classified reports, wartime Tokyo newspapers,
interviews with Japanese war veterans, war trials transcripts - and
even Life Magazine in 1946. It's all here and well documented.

Nine young men were shot down over Chichi Jima. Of the eight who were
captured, one survived the war after being sent to Japan for
interrogation. The other seven were tortured and killed by their
Japanese captors.

And, in a lesson that showed that not all cultures share the same
values about humanity - some of the young American flyers were eaten
by the Japanese.

Yup - eaten.

Oh... one more thing. The name of the one 20-year-old US Navy pilot
who was shot down and then rescued by a submarine before the Japanese
could capture him?

George H. W. Bush - future President of the United States of America

Here is more!

Russell of Liverpool (Lord) THE KNIGHTS OF BUSHIDO. A Short History of
Japanese War Crimes. £25.00
Cassell 1958. h/back

Hardback, 1st edn. A companion volume to the author's account of Nazi
atrocities during WW2, 'The Scourge of the Swastika'. 12 years after
the end of the war, the actions of the Japanese, who regarded the mass
torture and bestial degradation of the white races as a national
privilege, were largely forgotten - except by those few who by a
miracle, survived. Murder, massacre, death marches, mutilation,
vivisection and even cannibalism were all practised by the proud
descendants of the Knights of Bushido of the Order of the Rising Sun,
and apparently condoned by their High Command. The mass destruction by
starvation and forced labour which turned tens of thousands of healthy
men into disease-ridden skeletons was deliberate military policy. The
rape of women was not enough for Japanese soldiers; torture provided
them with the most intensive enjoyment. A report of documented records
of Japanese atrocities given in evidence at Japanese war crime trials.
Illus. with very disturbing b/w photographs plus the reproduction of
original paintings and drawings by Leo Rawlings (captured at the fall
of Singapore and over 3-yrs a prisoner

Admiral Yamamoto (1884-1943). Admiral Yamamoto was credited with
planning the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.

The Admiral was killed in an ambush in the South Pacific in 1943. The
Roosevelt Reich Navy had broken the Japanese naval code long before
Pearl Harbor and knew EVERY move that the Admiral and the Japanese
Navy were making.

"One of the most important Japanese Catholics in this period was
Admiral Yamamoto who was the first convert to Catholicism in 1893 at
the French Marianists' School in Japan. He had traveled widely,
especially in Europe. In early 1938 Yamamoto had told friends in Rome
that conflict between Japan and the United States was inevitable
because of the clash of races and of commercial interests; that Japan
was preparing for war; and when the first blow would be struck. it
would be a terrific one."(Quigley, Peace without Hiroshima, p. 75).


Admiral Yamamoto was the son of a poor school teacher from the village
of Kushigun, Sonshomura. His father Sadakichi, was fifty-six years old
when his 7th son was born so he named him Isoroku (fifty-six) in
Japanese characters. Yamamoto had no royal blood and certainly no
money but he rose to command the Combined Japanese Fleet.

Money was no object to the Jesuits however who were trying to
reestablish a beachhead in Japan since there expulsion in 1607.
Yamamoto was placed in charge of the Combined Japanese Fleet in 1939
and promoted to Admiral in 1940.

Japan was supposed to attack Russia in 1941



In Sept. 1940, Japan, Italy and Germany signed the Tripartite Pact.
In the Spring of 1941, Hitler was ready to invade the Soviet Union
with the largest invasion force in the history of the world. This
invasion force was supplied with oil by the Rockefeller owned Standard
Oil Co., and trucks by the Ford Motor Co.

While Hitler attacked from the West, Japan was supposed to attack
Russia from the East.

The Japanese were afraid to attack Russia because they had a very
healthy respect for the Red Army after the Russians annihilated a
Japanese army in Manchuria in August 1939. Hitler never sent observers
to that battle because he had nothing but disdain for the fighting
ability of the Red Army.



Roosevelt was FURIOUS when Japan failed to attack Russia!!

Fuehrer Franklin was furious when Japan refused to attack Russia. His
advisers told him that unless Japan opened a second front in the East,
the Nazi hordes would be swallowed up in the vastness of Russia and
Hitler might lose the war.

He also needed a war in order to serve a fourth and fifth term as
President. This would allow him to pack the Supreme Court with his
cronies in order to destroy the Constitution. He maneuvered the
Japanese into attacking the U.S. Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor and
Japan and the U.S. were at war . . . instead of Japan and Russia. In
May, 1940, Roosevelt ordered the U.S. fleet moved from its
headquarters in California to Pearl Harbor. The Navy had was already
listening in on Japanese naval traffic:

"During the last days of September and first week of October 1940, a
team of Army and Navy cryptographers solved the two principal Japanese
government code systems: Purple, the major diplomatic code, and
portions of the Kaigun Ango, a series of twenty-nine separate Japanese
naval operational codes used for radio contact with warships, merchant
vessels, naval bases, and personnel in overseas posts, such as naval
attachés. Much has been made of the Purple Code and far too little of
the navy codes. Historians have made misleading references to the
Purple Code by confusing its use and purpose. It was used solely by
the Japanese Foreign Ministry for encoding diplomatic messages
dispatched by radio between Tokyo and selected overseas embassies and
consulates. In the United States, Japan issued the Purple system to
its Washington embassy and to its consulate in Manila, but not to the
Honolulu consulate. The Purple Code was never used by the Japanese
Navy. (Stinnett, Day of Deceit: the Truth about FDR and Pearl Harbor,
p. 21)
The Japanese took the bait and attacked Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
Roosevelt had his war at last.

Japan established diplomatic relations with the Vatican in 1942



Ken Harada, Japanese ambassador to the Vatican. Japan established
diplomatic relations with Vatican city in 1942. The first ambassador's
name was Ken Harada:

"Among the inhabitants of Vatican City at that time were the members
of the small Japanese Mission to the Holy See. When the Holy See and
Japan entered upon a form of diplomatic relations in 1942 the war was
already three years old in Europe and Pearl Harbor had already been
attacked. Negotiations between Vatican representatives and the
Japanese Government looking to the establishment of relations had been
carried on sporadically for a couple of decades. War conditions,
however, had convinced the Japanese of the need of representation at
the famed "listening post." (Quigley, Peace without Hiroshima, p. 7).


Japanese Emperor was considered a direct descendant of the sun goddess

Like the Pope at Rome who is the earthy representative of Circe,
Cybele or Diana of the Ephesians, the Japanese Emperor was considered
the earthy representative of the great mother goddess:



Amaterasu

The sun goddess Amaterasu. The Emperor was considered a direct
descendant of this sun goddess. Japan is unique because the false
mother goddess was always associated with the MOON.




Emperor Hirohito (1901-1989).

The Japanese Emperor was considered the direct descendant of the sun
goddess. He was held in as much esteem as the Roman Catholics hold the
Pope. To kill the Emperor was like killing god. Unconditional
surrender was considered a threat to the life of the Emperor.

Roosevelt's "unconditional surrender" imperiled the life of the Emperor!!

In 1943 at Casablana, Roosevelt changed the surrender terms to
"unconditional surrender." He knew that this would prolong the war and
give him more time in the White House. Here is an excerpt from the
book The Decision to Use the Bomb:

"The standing U.S. demand for "unconditional surrender" directly
threatened not only the person of the Emperor but such central tenets
of Japanese culture as well. Because of the Emperor's unique political
and religious status, U.S. leaders were repeatedly advised of three
related but quite distinct points:

First, a surrender would likely be accepted only if the Japanese
people were assured the Emperor-God would neither be removed from his
throne nor harmed (or tried and possibly hanged as a war criminal, as
German leaders were about to be tried).

Second, even more important, U.S. leaders were advised that if such
assurances were not given, the Japanese would likely fight to the last
man. Very few Japanese units had surrendered in the bloody island
fighting, and there was ample evidence that the Japanese soldier was
prepared to die for the Emperor. The U.S. military understood that if
no assurances for the Emperor were given—whether called "conditions"
or not—it would almost certainly mean a struggle to the death.

Third, the president and his chief advisers were counseled that the
Emperor would play a critical role in maintaining internal order in
postwar Japan-and, indeed, in helping head off the possibility of
chaos or even Communist-inspired revolutionary attempts.9The
"unconditional" language had originally been adopted almost
accidentally by Roosevelt at the January 1943 Casablanca conference.
Cordell Hull recalled that it had not, in fact, originally been part
of State Department strategy: "We were as much surprised as Mr.
Churchill when, for the first time, the President, in the Prime
Minister's presence, stated it suddenly to a press conference."

The formula proved to be controversial not only because of its
uncompromising tone but also, ironically, because of its ambiguity. At
Casablanca, Roosevelt seemingly qualified his position at the same
time he defined it when he stated that "unconditional surrender" did
not mean the destruction of the peoples of Germany, Japan, and Italy;
rather, it meant the destruction of the "philosophy" which had brought
about world war. Given the importance of religious ideas in their
political culture, of course, this was equally threatening to Japanese
leaders.
Roosevelt further complicated matters when in an address to White
House press correspondents on February 12, 1943, he affirmed the
policy in a way which now seemed to threaten the Emperor's person:

The only terms on which we shall deal ... are the terms proclaimed at
Casablanca: "unconditional surrender." In our uncompromising policy we
mean no harm to the common people of the Axis nations. But we do mean
to impose punishment and retribution in full upon their guilty,
barbaric leaders."

The original announcement of the surrender demand had jolted not only
Japan but many knowledgeable American policy-makers. Japanese
propaganda had moved quickly to rally support for the war by
predicting Japan's complete and absolute destruction under
"unconditional surrender." Numerous officials in Washington understood
the difficulties the formula presented, and several actively began to
search for ways to modify and soften its impact. (Alperovitz, The
Decision to Use the Bomb, pp. 36-37).


The Pope wanted to get rid of the Japanese Imperial Dynasty!!

The Vatican was secretly praying for an end of the Japanese Imperial
Dynasty. That was what was behind the unconditional surrender terms of
Roosevelt.

The Emperor of Japan was more than a political ruler. Like the Pope at
Rome, he represented the false goddess to his people. The Japanese
people were patriotic however because they did not look to a foreigner
as their political or religious ruler. That made the Emperor a
competitor to the Vatican. Leahy, Groves and Byrnes allowed the
Emperor to stay because they needed a quick surrender in order to
prevent a Soviet invasion of Japan.
Ambassador Harada sent several peace messages to Tokyo

In a typical Machiavellian maneuver, the Vatican made war on the
Japanese through their boys Leahy, Groves and Byrnes while at the same
time helping them to surrender:



Martin S. Quigley. Secret agent for the O.S.S. in Vatican City.
Martin S. Quigley was a secret agent for the O.S.S. —Office of
Strategic Services founded by William (Wild Bill) Donovan. He was
instructed to contact the Japanese Papal ambassador about negotiating
the surrender of Japan.

He dealt with several high ranking members of the hierarchy including
Monsignor Ottaviani later to become Cardinal Ottaviani.

The messages were sent via Vatican radio to Switzerland and then
relayed to Tokyo. The messages were decoded and read in Washington the
next day.

No replies from Tokyo were received unless the messages were
intercepted. This way at least the Vatican could gain sympathy from
Japan by trying to stop the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


Here is an excerpt from the book by Martin S. Quigley:

The Vatican radio official saw that the message comprised three typed
pages and remarked that it probably would not be broadcast for a
couple of hours in view of the backlog. Watanabe urged that Harada's
message should be sent out as soon as possible as it was a priority
communication to the Foreign Minister. As he walked out of the radio
office, the Japanese
"At that period the Vatican Radio was operating with relatively dated
equipment installed years before the war. It lacked the power to
transmit direct to Tokyo. The Japanese, of course, knew this. All
along they had been using a modern and very powerful installation at
their Embassy in Berne, Switzerland, not only for traffic from there
but for relaying messages from their missions in Sweden and Spain, as
well as the few originating at the Vatican.

That afternoon an operator at the Japanese Embassy in Berne picked up
and recorded the Harada message. It was promptly rebroadcast. The
transmission was automatically recorded at the Foreign Office's
communications center in Japan. Within a matter of minutes the message
was played back to a specialist in decrypting and then run through the
decoding machine which printed out the words in Japanese. A copy was
made for the files of the center and the original was sealed in an
envelope; it was then given to a dispatch carrier who took it by
motorcycle to the Foreign Office. There it was signed for at the
message desk. In a few moments another messenger took it to the office
of the secretary to the Foreign Minister.

As the Berne transmission was crackling through the atmosphere, it was
recorded in England simultaneously with its recording in Tokyo. As it
was identified as being in a Japanese code—the huge establishment
concentrated on German messages—the Japanese message was sent on at
once to the United States. This division of decoding labors was one of
the smoothest in British-American military relations.

In Washington at Arlington Hall, an exclusive girls school until taken
over by the government, over a thousand extremely bright men and women
worked in one of the most "hush hush" organizations of the wartime
military establishment. Physical conditions were cramped and there was
never enough space for comfortable working arrangements because the
staff was constantly expanding to handle the mounting volume of
Japanese intercepts.
Decrypting and decoding are among the most arcane of human activities.
Even with the aid of sophisticated machines, they call upon a host of
intellectual talents and, as some believed, a measure of wizardry.
Having started the war with a handful of specialists in this
area—veterans of the era when, as Secretary of War Stimson had put it,
"gentlemen do not read other people's mail"—the military had to
recruit extensively" (Quigley, Peace without Hiroshima, pp. 124-125).




Martin S. Quigley and Monsignor (later Cardinal) Ottaviani) in front
of the Papal Palace.
To be continued


------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------

References

Agawa, Hiroyuki. The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial
Navy. Kodansha Intl., Tokyo, 1979.

Alperovitz, Gar. The Decision to Use the Bomb. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1995.

Potter, John Deane. Yamamoto The Man who Menaced America. Viking
Press, New York, 1965.

Stinnett, Robert B. Day of Deceit: the Truth about FDR and Pearl
Harbor, Free Press (a division of Simon & Schuster Inc.), New York,
2000.

Quigley, Martin S. Peace without Hiroshima: Secret Actions at the
Vatican in Spring of 1945. Madison Books, Lanham, Maryland, 1991.


THE HISTORY OF GASOLINE
AND
THE INDUSTRIAL

Operation Pluto 1944

THE CUBAN ARCHIVES ON JFK AND CASTRO
STANDARD OIL Connection

Click here for the report

Operation Pluto
Scotland also witnessed a more sinister marriage of science and
warfare. Thankfully, unlike radar, it was never used. In 1942, the
Ministry of Defence purchased the unpopulated Ross-shire island of
Gruinard, to the west of Ullapool - deserted that is, except for
rabbits, sheep and birds. The island was declared a Prohibited Secret
site and visitors banned. Soon afterwards, dead sheep washed up on the
shores of the mainland. The deaths were blamed on a Greek freighter
which had supposedly thrown infected carcasses overboard. In reality
Gruinard had become a testing site for a biological weapon - anthrax -
and the sheep had been infected by spores deliberately released in
trials by experts from
Britain's biological warfare laboratory at Porton Down. Churchill, as
pragmatic and inventive as ever, was determined to develop the
weapon - known as the "N" bomb - but it was only to be used if Hitler
deployed it first.

The Gruinard trials worked, although the island proved too small for
more ambitious tests and the site was abandoned. By the time the
anthrax experiments concluded, D-Day was approaching. Plans for the
Normandy landings, the key to Britain's return to Europe and for
Hitler's defeat, were protected by layers of secrecy and deception.
Here, too, Scotland played a crucial role.

In late 1943, the shoreline around Garlieston in Dumfries and Galloway
suddenly became a no-go area. Mysterious objects began to appear
offshore, large blocks the size of small ships which floated up and
down with the tides. These were concrete pontoons for the Mulberry
harbours which were to be built in sections around Britain and towed
across the Channel to provide an artificial port, off the coast of
Normandy, for the unloading of allied supplies.

It was Churchill who came up with the basic idea.
"Hold the harbours," Hitler had said, "and we will hold Europe."
So why not fool him, asked Churchill, by doing the unexpected?
Moveable floating harbours had never been tried before. Garlieston had
a shoreline and huge tidal range similar to the Normandy beaches.
Final testing took place in April 1944. Then the pontoons headed south
to the English Channel for D-Day.

The most vital of all supplies after the Normandy invasion was fuel.
But how could the allies safely ship the millions of gallons needed
for their tanks, jeeps and trucks? The answer lay with PLUTO, the
PipeLine Under The Ocean. Secretly constructed in thousands of
sections, the pipeline also owed its success to Scotland. It was an
Inverness-based company, AI Welders, that came up with the crucial
trick of making strong but flexible seamless welds that enabled the
pipeline to be coiled on gigantic drums and laid across the Channel in
one single moonless night.

Hitler was also tricked by Allied deception. Operation Fortitude was
the codename of the plan to make him believe the landings would take
place elsewhere than Normandy. Fortitude South, based in England,
aimed to convince him the landings would take place in the
Pas-de-Calais.

Fortitude North was the deception's Scottish arm. Its goal was to
persuade Berlin that the Allies would attack Norway. It worked mostly
through the sending of thousands of false radio messages suggesting
the creation of a 4th Army in Scotland (supposedly headquartered at 15
Douglas Crescent in Edinburgh) for an attack across the North Sea.

To sustain the illusion, a handful of men in radio trucks drove around
Scotland simulating a vast army on the move. Real British troops were
sent for mountain training in the Cairngorms to lend credence to the
deceit.

Dummy aircraft scattered around the countryside suggested an invasion
plan. Captured German agents, some caught in Scotland and "doubled" by
British intelligence, also played a role. In the end the Nazis were
fooled about the place and timing of the D-Day landings and the German
High Command swallowed the illusion of a 4th Army in Scotland hook,
line and sinker.

Less than a year after D-Day, Hitler was dead, the war in Europe was
over, and Scotland was at peace again. But it took years for these
wartime secrets to be revealed. Files about the training of SOE agents
have only recently been released, while the inner secrets of Fortitude
North remained off-limits for decades. Only in 1990 was Gruinard
Island declared clear of anthrax, and it took until 1997 for original
documentary footage of the anthrax trials to be made public. It's
clear that without Scotland's help, Britain's secret war against
Hitler would have been a tougher fight than it was.

• David Stafford is project director at the Centre for Second World
War Studies at the University of Edinburgh and the author of Secret
Agent and Ten Days to D-Day. BBC Scotland's six-part television
series, Scotland's Secret War, begins tonight at 8pm
on BBC2.




Old School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BRO

IBM and the Holocaust and Best Article of the Year for "IBM in Auschwitz" in the Village Voice. Also in 2003, Black received the International Human Rights Award from the World Affairs Council for War Against the Weak.
Click here for more

The Death Camp at Auschwitz

It seens that on the faithful day during the time that Standard Oil, IBM, I.G. Farben, The Duponts and others within the industrialized Corporations opened the door the project Pluto the under ocean oil refinery program which was kept secret and was alleged only used to send fuel to service our military across the globe the real fact was that this program seems to have been involved as well with the gas used within the death camp Auschwitz, where as within reports the prisons were used as slave labor to convert coal in gas! On the same day when the gas was turned on in Auschwitz to murder thousands of Jews, Serbia's, and Gypsies that was the same day that Operation Pluto's gas flowed across under ocean channels all over the world! IBM was involved in Auschwitz as was I.G. Farben and links into Standard Oil. Millions of tons of gas pumped under the ocean via Scotland and other places unknown to the public. Again this was not a war but a war of convenience for the Oil industry and Corporates across the globe.

Old School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BROOld School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BROOld School News - INTEGRITY NEWS -TV/RADIO BRO
The Slaves of Auschwitz and changing COAL INTO GASOLINE

Click here
I.G. Farben is gone, broken into pieces after the war. You know it now as BASF cassete tapes and Bayer aspirins. They constructed their own private concentration camp at Auschwitz, and sent the used-up workers, starved and depleted to Birkenau gas chambers and crematoriums at what we usually think as Auschwitz. (Birkenau was just one of 40 camps in a city-sized complex that used more electricity for Farben's factories than was used by the city of Berlin.) 25,000 to 30,000 were worked to death on the premises at Farben, and 300,000 passed through on their way to the gas chambers, giving their last toils to utterly sociopaths fiends.

Zy-B Gas used maybe?

n August 1941, using 500 Russian prisoners of war as an experimental
group, [Auschwitz commandant] Hoess introduced into the airtight
chambers of Birkenau a new asphyxiating agent, Zyklon B. Actually,
Zyklon B, whose generic name is prussic acid, was new only in its
application to human beings; its traditional, commercial use was as an
insecticide. The result was a revelation of efficiency. Only one firm,
Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Schaedlingsbekampfung (German Corporation
for Pest Control), known in the trade as Degesch, supplied this lethal
chemical. The firm and its most valuable asset, the monopoly of Zyklon
B manufacture, was owned 42.5 percent by I.G. Farbenindustrie; 42.5
percent by Deutsche Gold und Silberscheidenanstalt--known as Degussa
(in which I.G. owned a third); and 15 percent by the Theo. Goldschmidt
concern.[44] That I.G. dominated Degesch was general knowledge in the
chemical industry. In fact, in its official corporate pronouncements
Degesch described itself as an exclusive selling agent for I.G.
Moreover, I.G. dominated the Degesch supervisory board: of its eleven
members five were from I.G., including the chairman, Wilhelm Mann.
Excerpt from The Crime And Punishment Of I.G. Farben by Joseph Borkin
Degussa was involved at the death camps, establishing gold smelting
foundries to melt down tooth gold ripped from gassed corpses mouths,
along with their gold wedding rings, eyeglasses frames, fountain pens
and watches. Degussa was a full partner in the organized crime ring of
the nazi psychopathic thugs. As you can see above, along with I.G.
Farben and Degesch, the three drained the slaves of energy, gassed
them with their own product (for which they were paid a profit, then
looted the dead bodies for gold

History of the Gas

Archive/File: camps/auschwitz/cyanide cyanide.001
Last-Modified: 1994/10/03
From: Raskolnikov

TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF THE HOLOCAUST:
Cyanide, Zyklon-B, and Mass Murder

Brian Harmon

I. Introduction

Because many holocaust deniers find themselves unable to
dismiss the many volumes of historical information documenting
the Holocaust, they often turn to other methods. A very
common tactic is to claim that the Holocaust was "technically
impossible", improperly citing chemical and physical data as
"proof". The most well known example is the "Leuchter Report"
where Fred Leuchter, a self-proclaimed engineer, claimed that
"no one was gassed at Auschwitz", using a combination of poor
chemical analysis and technical difficulties as "proof".
Another example, "The Luftl Report", written by the Austrian
Walter Luftl, erroneously claims that not enough people could
be crammed into the chambers, and that Zyklon was too
dangerous to use for extermination. Many of these documents
are shrouded in pseudo-scholarly terminology and methodology,
and use confusing statements to make their lies seem more
tenable. The deniers hope to play on the common individual's
lack of knowledge in chemistry and physiology to confuse and
obfuscate the issue.

I will not deal directly with the claims of Leuchter and
Luftl here, rather I hope to provide the knowledge necessary
to take on Holocaust denier's claims directly, so they can
easily be discredited by anyone. As I hope to show, a little
knowledge of physiology and chemistry is all that is required
to see through their fabrications.

In this paper, I will discuss how cells make and use
energy via aerobic metabolism. Then, I will show exactly how
cyanide kills by shutting down aerobic (oxygen-using)
metabolism in organisms, including how much cyanide can kill,
and why warm blooded mammals are the most susceptible to
cyanide poisoning. The supporting biochemical and
toxicological data will set the context for the next section,
which discusses how the gassing of people could be carried
out. I will extrapolate from the Degesch manual on Zyklon B
to show that Zyklon cloud be used quite easily in a number of
situations, even at very low temperatures. I will then present
a "hypothetical gassing", where I will run some basic
calculations showing how easily a large number of people
(about 1.8 million) could be killed in one and one half years
with only one gassing a day. Comparing this with documents on
how the camps actually were run, It should be self-evident
that gassings with cyanide were quite easy for the Nazis to
carry out.

This document may be of a somewhat technical and
detailed nature. It is also exceptionally long, much longer
than I had anticipated. To remedy this, I also will write a
shorter "reference sheet" that takes the major conclusions
and points of this paper without all of the laborious
calculations and explanations. I intended this document
primarily as a reference resource rather than a document to be
completely absorbed at one sitting.

II. Structure of the Paper

Part one: Physiological Basis of Cyanide Poisoning
A. Cells and energy
-- How cells use energy
-- How the electron transport system works
-- How oxidative phosphorylation provides energy
B. Cytochromes in the Electron Transport System
-- Different cytochromes, and hemoglobin
B. How Cyanide Kills
-- Poisoning the ETS
-- Hemoglobin
D. Data on Cyanide
Part Two: Use of Zyklon B
A. Extrapolate from Nuremburg doc N1-9912
B. A Hypothetical Gassing
C. Compare to Existing Documents
Conclusion

A Brief Aside: What is Cyanide?

Cyanide refers to a large number of compounds that
contain the negatively charged cyanide ion: CN-. This ion
consists of one carbon atom triple-bonded to one nitrogen
atom. The negative charge primarily rests on the carbon atom.
Cyanide can be found both as a gas and as a salt. When bound
to hydrogen, it's referred to as hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and
is a gas at room temperature. When bound to ions like sodium
(Na+) or Potassium (K+), it's a salt and is a water soluble
solid. Its name varies depending on the ion it binds. KCN is
potassium cyanide, for example.

More information is presented in the "Data on Cyanide"
section (see below).

Part One: The Physiological Basis of Cyanide Poisoning

A. Cells and Energy {1}.

Cells need energy to grow and maintain their function.
In cells, energy is carried in the form of a transport
molecule, namely Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). The metabolism
of molecules such as glucose (sugar), lipids (fats), etc.
release energy that is used to make more ATP. ATP is
essentially an "energy carrier" that allows cells to utilize
energy derived from food. Without ATP, a cell will die, as
will the organism itself. If a chemical interrupts a cell's
ATP producing machinery, that cell will die once it runs out
of ATP. Cyanide eliminates a cell's ability to produce ATP.
Before we can discuss how this happens, we must first deal
with how cells produce ATP under normal conditions.

Almost all ATP is produced in the mitochondria, a small
cellular organelle (literally "small organ"). The
mitochondria are, in essence, the "power plants" of a cell. A
mitochondrion has two membranes, an inner one and and outer
one. The outer membrane is highly permeable, and it will
allow just about anything through. The inner membrane, on the
other hand, is very impermeable. Only carbon dioxide (CO2),
water (H2O) and oxygen (O2) can pass through this membrane
without transport proteins to carry them across{2}. The
impermeable nature of the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM)
will be important later.

Cells produce ATP through a combination of the electron
transport system (ETS) and oxidative phosphorylation (OP),
both in the mitochondrial inner membrane. The electron
transport system can be compared to an electric motor, where
current supplied to the motor allows work to be done. The
current passing through an electric motor is just a stream of
electrons, and the "current" passing through the ETS is no
different. High energy molecules generated by metabolism like
NADH and FADH2 supply the ETS with electrons, just as a
battery would supply a motor with current. This current
allows the ETS to do work. The "work" done is the pumping of
positively charged hydrogen atoms (protons, H+) across the
inner mitochondrial membrane. As I stated earlier, this
membrane will not allow anything back across without help from
a transport protein. At the end of the ETS, electrons have to
"go somewhere" to keep the current flowing -- they must leave
the ETS. In a battery, electrons go to the positive pole. In
the ETS, electrons are dumped onto oxygen, in effect acting
like an electron "sink". This is where oxygen is used in
metabolism, and will be dealt with later.

After a certain time, a significant number of protons
will be pumped out of the inner mitochondria, with many more
protons outside the mitochondria than inside. As the protons
are positively charged, the area outside the mitochondria will
have a relative positive charge, and the inside will have a
relative negative charge. There now exists a net potential
across the membrane, much like a fully charged battery. This
potential can be relieved to do work, namely the synthesis of
ATP.

The positive charges outside the mitochondria will
"want" to flow back in for two reasons: (1) the electrical
potential between the inner mitochondrial membrane and the
outer mitochondria. The positively charged H+ ions (protons)
will flow, if allowed, into the more negatively charged inner
mitochondria. This is much like how a battery works, but in
reverse. (2) The chemical gradient across the membrane.
Simply by random motions, molecules will flow from areas of
high concentration (outside the mitochondria) to those of low
concentration (inside the mitochondria). This is the same
reason a drop of dye in water will spread out over time even
if undisturbed. If molecules are prevented from diffusing by
a barrier (the inner membrane), a net pressure will result
from their impacts on the membrane, called the osmotic
pressure. The combination of electrical potential and osmotic
pressure is what provides the energy to make ATP in a cell
{3}.

Oxidative phosphorylation (making ATP) requires a
membrane-bound protein enzyme called ATP synthetase {4}. ATP
synthetase allows H+ ions back across the membrane, relieving
the pressure like letting air out a balloon. This flow of
protons allows the enzyme to combine Adenosine Diphosphate
(low E) and inorganic phosphate to make ATP (high energy).
This type of ATP synthesis is called oxidative
phosphorylation. It takes about two or three protons moving
through the enzyme to make one ATP molecule. The enzyme
requires a proton gradient across the membrane, with a higher
concentration on the outside than the inside. If anything
prevents the electron transport system from setting up this
proton gradient, ATP synthesis will not occur and the cell
will die.

-- Cyanide Poisoning

At the very end of the ETS, four electrons are added to
an oxygen molecule (see above). These electrons are added to
an oxygen molecule (O2), which combines with protons to make 2
water molecules. The ETS must dump electrons onto oxygen just
to keep the steady flow of electrons going, otherwise
electrons will "back up" and the current will stop.
Metabolism has an absolute requirement for oxygen, and it will
stop without it. If the ETS stops, the proton gradient will
fade away, ATP synthesis will stop, and the cell with die.
This last step, where electrons are given to oxygen to make
water, is where our cells utilize oxygen in metabolism.
Cyanide prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen from the
last protein in the electron transport system, called a
cytochrome.

Cyanide reaches cells primarily through the blood, and
readily diffuses across the lungs during normal breathing.
Ingestion with food or drink is also lethal, as cyanide will
diffuse across the stomach wall and small intestine. Cyanide
will also very slowly diffuse across the skin, but this can
take over an hour {5}. Therefore cyanide intake through the
lungs and digestive tract is a very significant source of
poisoning, but very little occurs from absorption through the
skin.

B. Cytochromes in the ETS

Electrons passing through ETS are carried by three types
of molecules: iron-sulfur proteins, ubiquinone, and
cytochromes {6}. When talking about cyanide poisoning, the
cytochromes are the most important. Cytochromes contain a
very important structure called a porphyrin ring, which is an
aromatic, planar carbon-based ring with an iron atom
conjugated in the middle. A similar porphyrin ring structure
is also the oxygen binding structure in hemoglobin, a
vertebrate oxygen carrier protein in the blood. The iron has
two oxidation, or "charge" states, +2 (when it holds and
electron) and +3 (when it doesn't). The iron atom holds one
electron at a time, and passes it on the next molecule in the
ETS.

The iron atom, in addition to being bound by the
porphyrin ring, is often conjugated by the amino acids
histidine or cysteine. As the ring structure is planar, there
are two faces that can be conjugated by amino acids:

His
|
---- Fe(+3)-- Porphyrin molecule (side view)
|
His

Some cytochromes, however, are open on one of their two
faces:

--- Fe(+3)---
|
His

This open face is where hemoglobin in the blood cells
and a specific cytochrome in the ETS (Cytochrome a3, to be
exact) bind oxygen. Cytochrome a3 is the terminal cytochrome
that passes on electrons to oxygen to make water:

O2 + (2)H2 + 4 electrons ----> (2)H20

Cyt a3 binds oxygen at its open face {7}:

02
|
---- Fe(+2)--
|
His

When all works well, cytochrome a3 passes electrons to
oxygen, producing water. Dumping electrons onto oxygen acts as
a "sink" which allows electrons to flow continuously through
the ETS. The only problem is, certain poisons bind to this
cytochrome more strongly than oxygen, specifically cyanide and
carbon monoxide {8}.

C. How Cyanide Kills

-- Poisoning the ETS

Cyanide binds cytochromes much in the same way that
oxygen does, by conjugating at its open site. Unlike oxygen,
cyanide cannot receive electrons from cytochrome a3.

-:C=N: (note - actually a triple bond between C and N)
|
---Fe(+2)--
|
His

With the ETS deprived of its electron "sink", the whole
system backs up. Without the ETS, oxidative phosphorylation
will dissipate the H+ gradient, ATP synthesis will stop, and
the cell will die. Cyanide binds cytochromes more tightly
than oxygen, and as a result is lethal at very low
concentrations, at about 300 ppm. The effect also occurs at
hemoglobin, as cyanide will bind to that too, preventing
oxygen from reaching cells. In essence, this is how cyanide
kills cells and whole organisms.

-- Hemoglobin

Cyanide is most effective on warmblooded animals such as
mammals, but is less effective on insects. While insect
mitochondria and vertebrate mitochondria are not radically
different, one thing is: Hemoglobin. Vertebrates carry oxygen
in their blood via hemoglobin, while insects do not carry
oxygen in their blood at all. Instead, insects have air
tubules that carry oxygen directly to all cells in their body.
Because cyanide poisons hemoglobin too, animals that use it
are all the more susceptible. Also (while I am not sure of
this) insects may be more tolerant of anaerobic metabolism
than vertebrates.

Since cyanide binds to hemoglobin much in the same fashion
as it binds cytochrome a3, cyanide takes hemoglobin out of
commission as well {9}. With their oxygen carrying molecules
bound by cyanide, vertebrates die all the faster from
asphyxiation. Mammals are also very dependent on oxygen-
utilizing metabolism, and will die in minutes if it is shut
off. Insects, lacking hemoglobin, die more slowly as their
cells must be starved of ATP. Insects may also be able to
survive longer on anaerobic (non-O2 utilizing) metabolism.

Cyanide kills by binding to cytochrome a3 in the electron
transport system. As this site is usually bound by oxygen,
the passage of electrons from the ETS to oxygen is prevented,
backing up the system. Unable to maintain a proton gradient
without a properly functioning ETS, ATP synthesis stops and
the cell dies. In vertebrate organisms, cyanide also binds to
the porphyrin ring in hemoglobin, exacerbating cyanide's toxic
effects.

D. Data on Hydrogen Cyanide:

Here's what the 10th edition (1983) of the Merck Index had
to say on Hydrogen Cyanide:

HYDROGEN CYANIDE: Hydrocyanic acid, Blauseare, prussic acid.
[preparation info deleted] Colorless gas or liquid;
characteristic odor; very weakly acidic; burns in air with a
blue flame. INTENSELY POISONOUS EVEN MIXED WITH AIR.
Gas density: 0.941 (air = 1)
Liquid density: 0.687 [g/cm^3, I assume]
melting point: -13.4 deg Celsius
Boiling Point: 25.6 deg Celsius

The LC50 (lethal dose for 50% of animals) in rats -- 544
ppm (5min), mice 169 ppm (30 min), dogs 300 ppm (3 min).
HUMAN TOXICITY: [..] exposure to 150 ppm for 1/2 to 1 hour
may endanger life. Death may result from a few min. exposure
to 300 ppm. Average fatal dose: 50 to 60 milligrams.
USE: The compressed gas is used for exterminating rodents
and insects in ships and for killing insects on trees, etc.
MUST BE HANDLED BY SPECIALLY TRAINED EXPERTS.

Here's what _Chemistry of Industrial Toxicology_ had to say
about it (p94) [added emphasis is mine]:

"Hydrogen cyanide, or hydrocyanic or prussic acid, owes
its toxicity not to its acidity but to the cyanide ion (CN-).
Thus the soluble cyanides-- sodium, potassium,etc. -- are
equally toxic in the same molar concentrations. Unlike carbon
monoxide, hydrogen cyanide is a protoplasmic poison, killing
insects and other lower [sic] forms of animal life. _It does
not kill bacteria, however_. ^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Hydrogen cyanide acts by inhibiting tissue oxidation, that is,
by preventing useful employment of oxygen carried by the
blood.

Cyanides are very rapid in their effects, killing
instantly if present in sufficient amounts. It is this speed
of action, rather than the minuteness of the fatal dose, which
accounts for the reputation of cyanide as the most powerful
common poison [..]

Hydrogen cyanide is used as a fumigant in dwellings,
warehouses, and ships. _Although such fumigations are
potentially very dangerous, accidents can be avoided by proper
precautions._

In high concentrations, hydrogen cyanide is absorbed through
the skin; therefore complete reliance cannot be placed on a
gas mask. After 1 hour exposure, 100 to 250 ppm of HCN are
dangerous."
[assumed the 100-250 ppm value is for absorption through skin]

Some things I'd like to point out:

Cyanide will not kill bacteria, and is completely useless
for disinfecting a morgue or hospital. Its only medical use
is to kill vermin (rats, mice, lice) that may harbor
pathogens. Some Holocaust deniers claim that cyanide was used
to disinfect "morgues" in Auschwitz. This is clearly a
ludicrous notion.

The sources I listed make specific references to HCN's
widespread use as a fumigant, and that it can be done easily
with the right precautions.

Major Modes of Poisoning

HCN will pass through the skin, and poisoning can result.
Absorption through the skin is a much slower process than
through lungs, so a short exposure to skin is not very
dangerous. It also takes a higher concentration of the gas
{10}. Absorption of cyanide through the skin is not
significant unless the concentration is high over a long
exposure.

According to July 1993 issue of _American Family
Physician_, cyanide poisoning through the skin is very rare:

" Cyanide is absorbed through the lungs, gastrointestinal
tract, and skin. Symptoms can occur within seconds of HCN
[cyanide gas] inhalation; ....Cyanide is readily absorbed
through the mucous membranes and the eyes. Clinical cases of
cyanide poisoning after dermal exposure are rare and most
often have involved burns with molten cyanide salts or
immersion in cyanide solutions."

Cyanide poisoning through the skin is therefore not a
significant mode of poisoning unless you have very high
concentrations over a very long period of time.

PART TWO: The Use of Zyklon B

A) Nuremburg Document #NI-9912: The Degesch Manual

As mentioned above in the technical data section, hydrogen
cyanide is often used as a fumigant for ships, warehouses, and
dwellings. Cyanide can be used to kill vermin and insects,
but it will not kill bacteria {11}. It is therefore useless
for disinfecting anything, but it will eliminate vermin that
harbor pathogens.

For fumigation purposes, a German firm called Degesch made
a product called Zyklon B. Zyklon B consisted of liquid HCN
adsorbed onto a carrier -- "wood fiber disks, dia gravel, or
small blue cubes [sic]" {12}. Although toxic, cyanide was
hard to detect alone, so an irritant was added to the Zyklon
to warn people of exposure.

A "typical" can of Zyklon contained 200 grams of HCN
adsorbed onto the carrier, and was stored in metal tins marked
with a death's head and warning that read: "Giftgas!" (Deathly
poisonous gas!) {13}. Zyklon-B shipments to Nazi Death camps
had the warning indicator removed, which would prevent people
from detecting the gas's presence before it was too late {14}.

The original Degesch set of instructions on using Zyklon-B
for fumigation discuss the various precautions that must be
taken, and under what conditions could Zyklon B be used. The
primary means of protection was a gas mask, and many different
structures and temperatures pose no problem for fumigation.
The Degesch manual is also known as Nuremburg document NI-
9912. Information is taken from the English translation, but
I have checked most of the quotes and information with the
original German (I speak a little, and read a bit more). I
won't quote the whole thing here, but I want to point out some
noteworthy items {15}:

1) Properties of Prussic Acid [HCN, cyanide]:

"Prussic acid is a gas which is generated by
evaporation... the liquid evaporates easily."
"Danger of explosion: 75 grams of HCN in 1 cubic meter of
air. Normal application approx. 8-10 g per cubic meter,
therefore not explosive"
"....one mg per kg of body weight is sufficient to kill a
human being..."

2) Protection against gas.
"Each member must at all times carry with him:
1. his own gas mask
2. at least 2 special filter inserts against Zyklon
Prussic acid [for use in gas mask]
3. The leaflet 'First aid for prussic acid poisoning'
4. work order
5. Authorization certificate

Each disinfestation[sic] squad must at all times carry:
1. at least 3 special inserts as extra stock.
2. one gas detector
3. 1 instrument for injecting Lobelin.
4. Cardiazol, Voriazol tablets
5. 1 lever or pickhammer for opening cans of Zyklon
[etc.. warning signs, material to reseal cans]"

NOTE: No measure of personal protection other than a gas
mask, special filter, a gas detector, and antidote drugs are
mentioned. No precautions are taken to prevent HCN from
seeping through the skin. One can only assume that there
wouldn't be a high enough concentration of gas or there
wouldn't be enough time for the gas to seep in. Therefore, a
gas mask with special filters alone would be sufficient to
protect a user against the gas.

3) Buildings to be fumigated:

A wide variety of structures are mentioned, with all types
of contents. Detailed descriptions are given on how to handle
pets, bedding, clothing, and other domestic items inside of a
building to be fumigated. Also, recommendations for sealing
and ventilating various building types are given. Form these
instructions, it is clear that Zyklon-B was used to fumigate
any number of buildings, including residential dwellings.
Buildings did not have to be designed specifically for
Zyklon's use.

4) Working Temperature:

The instructions discuss using Zyklon at low temperatures,
even below five degrees Celsius. To fumigate a building, it
will take 8g of prussic acid per cubic meter for 16 hours at
temperatures above five degrees Celsius. Even warmer
temperatures need only 6 hours fumigation time. If the
temperature is below five degrees Celsius, the fumigation time
is to be extended to 32 hours.

These times are for flies, lice, fleas, etc. with eggs,
larvae and chrysalises. I can only guess it would take less
time for warm blooded mammals like rats and mice, unless the
"etc." refers to them as well.

Since Zyklon can be effectively used at temperatures close
to freezing, it seems that even cold temperatures did not
prevent the use of Zyklon as fumigant (or the case of the
Holocaust, as a murder weapon).

Let me summarize the points taken from the Degesch
documents: (1) the HCN liquid evaporates easily, and is highly
toxic; (2) normal working concentrations are well below (10X)
explosive amounts; (3) the only protection needed on each
person was a gas mask with special filters; (3) a whole
variety of structures can be fumigated, including dwellings
containing clothing and bedding; and (4) Zyklon can be
effectively used at temperatures below five degrees Celsius.
Taking all of this into account, it would seem that murdering
large numbers of people with Zyklon-B in specially constructed
rooms would be relatively simple, given that the gas is highly
toxic and fairly easy to use for fumigation.

The fact that the irritant indicator was removed from
shipments to Nazi death camps is another curious feature, as
one would wonder why an obvious safety feature would be
removed from a product if its intended use was purely benign.
Eyewitness accounts from individuals such as Fillip Mu"ller
and documents describing the use of Zyklon-B in the gas
chambers themselves are all the more damning.

B) A Hypothetical Gassing

In order to answer the question "How easy would it have
been to gas people with Zyklon-B?", I will carry out some
calculations to show just how feasible such a process would
be. Specifically, I will use an "average" size gas chamber to
see how many people could be fit into one, and how many could
have been killed in 18 months at a camp like Auschwitz, which
had four large chambers (Krema I and Bunkers I and II will not
be considered for reasons of simplicity). I will also discuss
how much Zyklon B would be needed to reach lethal
concentration in the room, and how fast 1 kilo of Zyklon would
have to evaporate to reach the lethal concentration of 300 ppm
in ten minutes.

Imagine a room with 210 square meters of floor space. I
chose this value as it was mentioned as a typical size of a
gas chamber in Auschwitz-Birkenau in the Leuchter report FAQ
routinely posted by Ken Mcvay
{16}. I'll simply assume that the walls are 2.5 meters high,
so the building will have a total volume of 525 cubic meters,
or 5.25 X 10^5 liters.

The structure would be fitted with vents on the ceiling
for pouring in the Zyklon, and exhaust fans would be be used
to clear the room once gassing was completed. This structure
would be largely below ground, to help maintain a constant
temperature using the earth as insulation. (Not all of the
gas chambers at Auschwitz were below ground, in fact Kremas IV
and V were above ground structures.) Keeping the chambers
below ground would also allow easy access to the roof. The
perpetrators could pour gas in through the roof while wearing
gas masks. Camp inmates could be used to remove the bodies and
transport them to the crematoria once the gassing was complete
and the room had been cleared of gas. In reality, a quite
simple operation.

Also, imagine that there are four such buildings in the
camp (representing Kremas II, III, IV, and V at Auschwitz),
and that each has a crematoria to go with it. For the sake of
simplicity, each gas chamber will carry out only one gassing
per day, and the gas chambers will be forcibly ventilated for
at least one hour.

For the specifics of the gassing, let's look at just one
chamber. A building with 210 m^2 of floor space can easily
accommodate four people per square meter (my calculations
based upon how many people I could fit in one square meter, it
wasn't even a tight fit) As I said earlier, the empty volume
of the room is 525 m^3. By my calculations, a human person
will take up 0.081 cubic meters {17}. At four people per
square meter, that's 840 people in one room, which take up
68.04 m^3 of space. That leaves a free volume of 456.96 m^3
(457 m^3 from now on.)

To show (1) how much Zyklon it would take to reach the
lethal 300 ppm level, and (2) how fast 1 kilo of Zyklon would
have to evaporate to reach 300 ppm in ten minutes, we need to
know how much volume one kg of air takes up. Ideal gas
assumptions say that one mole (6.021 X 10^23 molecules) of gas
occupy 22.4 liters at 25 deg Celsius {18}. One mole of gas is
21% oxygen an 79% nitrogen (ignore the 1% of other gases and
assume they're not there.) Multiply this times the molecular
weight of the gases (grams per mole of gas, 28g for N2, 32g
for O2) and the weight of one mole of gas is (0.21)*32 +
(.79)*28 = 28.84 grams, or 0.02884 kg per 22.4 liters (the
vol. of one mole of gas). One kilogram of gas will therefore
occupy 776 liters of volume.

How much Zyklon-B will be needed to reach a concentration
of 300 ppm? 300 ppm HCN corresponds to 300 milligrams of HCN
per kilogram of air. For 457 cubic meters of air, you need to
do some manipulations:

457 m^3 = 4.57 X 10^5 liters * (1 kg air/ 776 liters)
= 589 kilos of air.

(0.300 grams HCN/ kg air)*(589 kg air) = 176.7 grams HCN.

...less HCN than is contained in one can of Zyklon-B. In
reality, if only 176 grams of HCN are poured into such a
room,they may have to wait some time before everyone is dead.
What if you pour in a whole kilogram of HCN?

The question now becomes, If 1 kg of HCN (5 cans) are
poured into our gas chamber, how fast will the HCN have to
evaporate to reach a lethal concentration in ten minutes? For
this example, I will assume a constant rate of evaporation on
a per gram basis. The rate of evaporation will be:

176.7 grams HCN/10 minutes = 17.67 grams/minute
(17.67 grams HCN/minute)/(1000 g HCN) X 100 = 1.76%

Only 1.76% of the HCN will have to evaporate per minute.
Actually, the numbers would be slightly different as there
will be less HCN each minute, so 1.76% won't be as much HCN
after eight minutes as it was in the first. Taking this loss
of material into account, even a constant 1.76% evaporation
rate takes only 12 minutes. For a substance that is normally
a gas at room temperature, an evaporation rate this slow seems
quite probable. As HCN boils at 26 degrees Celsius, it is
quite likely that the gas will evaporate much faster than
1.76% per minute.

I have searched for experimental kinetic data on HCN
evaporation to no avail. If anyone knows where I get some
data (short of doing the expts myself), let me know. This
information would be particularly useful in answering the
question: "How fast HCN would actually evaporate?"

With only one gassing a day, plenty of time will be left
for ventilating the gas chamber and moving the bodies to the
crematoria for combustion. The next question is, given one
gassing a day and four gas chambers at the camp, how many
people can be killed in a time period of one and one half
years (18 months)? I chose this time period since the four
large extermination facilities at Auschwitz-Birkenau were in
operation from 1943 until their destruction by the fleeing
Nazis in November 1944 {19}. For the sake of argument, I'll
say that's about 1 1/2 years (May 1943 to Nov. 1944).

If the gas chambers were in operation for 548 days (1 1/2
yrs), the total dead would be:

(840)*(4)*(548) = 1,841,280 dead from gassing alone.

Most estimates say that 1 to 2 million died at Auschwitz
altogether, including deaths from starvation, torture, summary
execution, and medical experiments. Clearly then, based upon
my largely hypothetical example, it was both possible and
feasible to murder that many, even in a fairly short time
scale of 584 days with just four working gas chambers. In the
case of Auschwitz, an even shorter time of operation would be
necessary as not all of the 1.6 million were murdered in the
four main gas chambers. Executions by firing squad and
gassings in the makeshift Bunkers I and II were also carried
out. Also, many more died from starvation, torture, and
disease.

The only limiting factor would be the crematoria for
disposing of the bodies, as one could conceivably produce
bodies much faster via gassing than could be cremated. Given
the number actually killed at Auschwitz this may not have been
a problem -- see the letter to SS Gen. Kammler below (also ref
24).

C) Relate to Existing Documents on the Holocaust

Many documents discussing the operation of the gas
chambers at Auschwitz exist. The testimony of Hanz Stark is
an excellent example {20}. Hanz Stark was connected with
Auschwitz's "Political Department", and was responsible for
registering new arrivals to the camp. He was also responsible
for observing executions carried out in a room next to Krema
I, initially carried out with a small caliber rifle. The
terminology used for people dispatched in this manner was
Sonderbehandlung -- special treatment in English. Prisoners
who had received "special treatment" were said "to have been
found special lodgings." Stark was quite explicit that this
meant execution.

Later on, "experimental" gassings took place in the
execution room adjoining Crematoria I. Stark was also a
witness to gassings that took place there, and his description
is quoted here (in English, typos are mine):

"As I have already mentioned, the first gassing was
carried out in the small crematoria in autumn 1941. Grabner
ordered me to go to the crematorium in order to check numbers,
just as I had had[sic] to do with the shootings. About 200-
250 Jewish men, women, and children of all ages were standing
at the crematorium. There may also have been babies there

[....] Nothing was said to the Jews. They were merely ordered
to enter the gas chamber, the door of which was open. While the
Jews were going into the room, medical orderlies prepared for
the gassing. Earth had been piled up against one of the external
walls of the gassing room so that the medical orderlies could get
onto the roof of the room. After all the Jews were in the chamber,
the door was bolted and the medical orderlies poured Zyklon-B
through the openings..."

And as he later describes in a gassing he participated in
personally:

" As the Zyklon-B - as already mentioned - was in granular
form, it trickled down over the people as it was being poured
in. They then started to cry out terribly for they now knew
what was happening to them [...] After a few minutes there was
silence. After some time had passed, it may have been ten to
fifteen minutes, the gas chamber was opened. The dead lay
higgeldy piggeldy all over the place. It was a dreadful
sight."

Note that these gassings took place at Krema I, a much
smaller structure than the homicidal gas chambers constructed
at the Birkenau complex (Krema II, III, IV, V). This explains
why the chamber had a much smaller capacity, and earth had to
be piled up along side the room to allow access to the roof.
Other than that, the process is similar to the one I described
in the "hypothetical gassing" section.

The testimony of Auschwitz camp commandant Rudolf Ho"ss
is also very useful {21}. With regards to the gassing
process, he describes both gassings in the large chambers in
the Birkenau complex and ones carried out in the makeshift
Bunkers I and II. Bunkers I and II were used while the major
extermination facilities were under construction, and had a
capacity of about 200-300 people at once. The process in the
bunkers was similar to that in Krema I (see above). The
extermination chambers was somewhat different, as Ho"ss
mentions that they where equipped with an electric ventilation
system to quickly ventilate the rooms, and an electric lift to
quickly transport bodies to the Krema ovens for incineration.
Here the gas chambers were located underground, which allowed
easy access for pouring Zyklon-B into the chambers.

Aerial photographs of the camps taken by allied
reconnaissance planes during the war corroborate Ho"ss
testimony, particularly with regards to the architecture of
the underground gas chamber in Krema II {22}.

A particularly gruesome testimony is provided by former
camp inmate Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier {23}:

Extract from evidence given at the Nuremburg Trials on the
Auschwitz Extermination Camp:
---------------------------------

M. DUBOST: Did you actually see the "selection" when
transports arrived?

VAILLANT-COURIER: Yes, because when we were working in the
Sewing Block in 1944, the block in which we lived was situated
just opposite the place where the trains arrived. The whole
process had been improved: Instead of carrying out the
"selection" where the trains arrived, a siding took the
carriages practically to the gas chamber, and the train
stopped about 100m from the gas chamber. That was right in
front of our block ..

[...]
They were taken to a red brick building with a sign that
said Baths. There they were told to get undressed and given a
towel before they were taken to the so called shower room.
Later, at the time of the large transports from Hungary, there
was no time left for any degree of concealment. They were
undressed brutally. I know all these particulars because I
was acquainted with a little Jewess from France .... when I
got to know her she worked on undressing the small children
before they were taken into the gas chamber.

After all the people were undressed they were taken into a
room that looked like a shower room, and the capsules were
thrown down into the room through a hole in the ceiling. an
SS man observed the effect through a spy-hole. After about 5-7
minutes, when the gas had done its job, he gave a signal for
opening the doors. Men with gas masks, these were prisoners
too, came in and took the bodies out. They told us that the
prisoners must have suffered before they died, because they
clung together in bunches like grapes so that it was difficult
to separate them....
------

There are also documents discussing exactly how many
people could be killed, and how many bodies could be cremated
in a given day. For example, Ho"ss mentions that a maximum
number of 10,000 people could be gassed in a given day (note
that this is the number _gassed_, not cremated.) A letter sent
to Berlin, addressed to SS General Kammler mentions that the
total number of bodies that could be processed in one day